Julius Caesar Essays (1979 words) - Julius Caesar, First Triumvirate

Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was said to be the greatest man in the Roman world. Some historians, and among them those of international authority, have made greater claims for him. He was the greatest of the Roman would but of antiquity. Looking through the onlg list of rulers, kings and emperors and the rest, they have failed to find an wuqual of this man who refused the style of king but those name Ceasar has become the commanding majesty and power. Great as a general, great as a politican. Born in 102 B.C., or it may have been tow or three years later, Gaius Julius Caesar, to give him his full name, was of the most ancient and aristocratic lineage. Although he himself, rationalist as he was, must have smiled sometimes at the conceit, there were some who said that he was not only of royal but divine descent, since Venus, the goddess of Love, and married a Trojan prince and so become the mother of the legendary founder of the Julian house. All the same, circumstances and perhaps personal inclinations attached him to the comparatively democratic party. His aunt had married as a youth of seventeen to the daughter of Cinna, another leader of the fraction tht was opposed to the aristocratic party under Sulla, Marius, great rival. A year or two later, when Sulla had become supreme in the state, the young man was ordered to put away his wife. He refused, and his life was saved only through the intercession of powerful friends in Rome. But though he had been reprieved, Ceasar was far from safe, and for a time he skulled in the mountains until he managed to get acrss the sea to Asia Minor, where he served in the Roman army that was campaigning against Mithridates, the king of Pontus. At the seige of Mitylene in 80 B.C. he first distinguished himself as a soldier when he saved the life of a hard-pressed cmrade. On the death of he kept himself at the bar. His politics and made a career for himself at the bar. His political learning were showwn clearly enought, however, when he ventured to act as prosecutor of one of Sulla's principal lieutnants, who was charged with gross extortion and crueltu when he was governor of the Macedonian province. To improve himself in rhetoric, Casear went to Rhodes to take a course of lessons under a celebrated master of that art, and it was probably at about this time that he had his famous encouter with Mediterranean pirates. These rufians captured the ship in which he was a passenger, and put his ransom. While his messenger was away collecting the money, Caesar made himself quite at home with his captors. He told them amusing stories, joked with them, joined in their exercises, and, always in the highest good humor, told laughed and joined in the fun. But Caesar was as good as his word. As soon as his ransom had been paid some over and he regained his liberty, he went to Miletus, hired some warships, and made straight back to the pirates, and ordered them to be crucified as he had assured them that he would. He also got back the money that had benn paid as his ransom. Still on the fringe of the political arena, Caesar spent the next few years as a gay young man about town. His family wasn't rich, but there were plenty of moneylenders who were glad to accommodate him. He spent money like water, on expensive pleasures women particularly, since he was as facinating to them as they were to him and on building up a body of popular support for the time when he might need it. Then in 68 B.C. he got his first official appointment under Government, as a quaestor, which secured him a seat in the Senate, and in 63 B.C. he appointed Pontifex maximus, a position of great dignity and importance in the religion establishment of the Roman State. He was onthe way up, and his rise was furthered by successful administration of a province in Spain. So capable did he prove that in 60 B.C. he was chosen by Rome, to form with him and crassus what is called the 1st Triumvirate. To strengthen the union between himself and Pompey, Caesar gave Pompey his daughter Julia in marriage. Then after a year as Consul, Caesar applied for, and was granted, the proconculship of Gual and Illyricum, the Roman dominion that extended from what

How to Write an Outstanding Economic Research Paper

How to Write an Outstanding Economic Research Paper How to Write an Outstanding Economic Research Paper If you have been handed an assignment to write an economic research paper this guide will help. First, here are a few tips up front before we get into the format and construction of the paper. Less is more. Always try and use the most simple calculations and explanations possible. An economic research paper is not the place for fancy words or extravagant, complicated calculations. Concise and clear explanations make a better impression. The same applies for adjectives, it is best to avoid them. Try to use no fluff. Never try to impress or hoodwink the recipient of your paper. Remember, the folks reading it are academics who catch on to such antics Show that your conclusion is both noteworthy and novel. You want to convince the reader that the conclusion in your paper did not come from the findings from another source, but that this is the first time the conclusion has been made, and that the conclusion has value. OK, now that we have a few tips out of the way, let’s take a look at how to format of the economic research paper. Carefully Construct Your Title Your title should clearly and concisely say what you are doing. Do not try to be witty or funny. Do not make the title too broad, short or long. Write a Compelling Abstract The abstract is what a potential reader uses to determine if the remainder of the paper is worth reading.   It should be less then 150 words an only include the most interesting elements. Some items will need to be left out. Know the Purpose of the Introduction. The introduction should include the questions asked during research which are answered in the paper: explain why the answer is important, tactfully reveal what other researches are lacking in this specific subject and explain why your conclusion is unique. Follow the Clear Structure of the Body. The data section should be short. It should identify and describe the source, disclose the strengths and weaknesses of that source and explain any modification. The section that demonstrates your model of research explains it and the logic behind it, revealing the suppositions made. List Your Findings This is generally the lengthiest section of the paper. If you use charts or tables, explicitly state what they represent, or what you would like the reader to gain from them. Include any unexpected findings. Give the answers to the questions asked in your research here as well. Create a Precise Conclusion. This brief section should restate the research questions and give a short synopsis of the findings. Do not simply copy the abstract. Deal with Your Bibliography and Tables. This is the final section of the paper that should include citations, resources and explanations of any tables used. We hope you have found this writing guide useful as you dive into your own economics research paper.

The History and Importance of the Vacuum Tube

The History and Importance of the Vacuum Tube A vacuum tube, also called an electron tube, is a sealed-glass or metal-ceramic enclosure used in electronic circuitry to control the flow of electrons between the metal electrodes sealed inside the tubes. The air inside the tubes is removed by a vacuum. Vacuum tubes are used for amplification of a weak current, rectification of an alternating current to direct current (AC to DC), generation of oscillating radio-frequency (RF) power for radio and radar, and more. According to PV Scientific Instruments, The earliest forms of such tubes appeared in the late 17th century. However, it was not until the 1850s that sufficient technology existed to produce sophisticated versions of such tubes. This technology included efficient vacuum pumps, advanced glassblowing techniques, and the Ruhmkorff induction coil. Vacuum tubes were used widely in electronics in the early twentieth century, and the cathode-ray tube remained in use for televisions and video monitors before being supplanted by plasma, LCD, and other technologies. Timeline In 1875, American, G.R. Carey invented the phototube.In 1878, Englishman Sir William Crookes invented the Crookes tube, an early prototype of the cathode-ray tube.In 1895, German, Wilhelm Roentgen invented an early prototype Xray tube.In 1897, German, Karl Ferdinand Braun invents the cathode ray tube oscilloscope.In 1904, John Ambrose Fleming invented the first practical electron tube called the Fleming Valve. Leming invents the vacuum tube diode.In 1906, Lee de Forest invented the Audion later called the triode, an improvement on the Fleming Valve tube.In 1913, William D. Coolidge invented the Coolidge Tube, the first practical Xray tube.In 1920, RCA began the first commercial electron tube manufacturing.In 1921, American Albert Hull invented the magnetron electronic vacuum tube.In 1922, Philo T. Farnsworth develops the first tube scanning system for television.In 1923, Vladimir K Zworykin invented the iconoscope or the cathode-ray tube and the kinescope.In 1926, Hull and Williams c o-invented the tetrode electronic vacuum tube. In 1938, Americans Russell and Sigurd Varian co-invented the klystron tube.

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Business Ethics - Essay Example The act of going to church is often the singular religious activity within the week for the modern person. Rather than a daily practice, going to church gives a mere nod to a history of religiosity within a family, connecting to others in fellowship, but not providing the central space within a person’s framework of understanding his place within the world. The tenets of the Bible are often looked at as quaint and out of touch with the realities of life, thus creating a division between what is believed and how one acts. The nature of business becomes one of those areas where a diversion from the tenets of the Bible can be observed. In trying to run a business, decisions must be made that support the continued success of that business, but the nature of those decisions are rarely made in line with the generosity of human spirit that comes from a life that is truly lived by the teachings of Christ. This reduces the nature of religious practice to its basic rites, the motions be ing undertaken without the informative meaning having value in daily life. The nature of life that is lived through secular means, and without the infusion of religious spirit, becomes centered on the self without the consideration of others at the core of the decisions that are made on a daily basis. Life is merely ‘flavored’ with religious practice and intention, rather than informed, the difference being that where the clergy held the center space for informing the public, it is now science, technology, and the consumer culture that informs people on behavior and thought. Religious leaders have had to adapt. Miller states that â€Å"When these wide-ranging appropriations are considered in terms of establishing identities and worldviews in a changing society, we can begin to see how many respected spiritual authors function precisely as new cultural intermediaries†¦They introduce a literate, popular audience to venerable religious and spiritual traditions in a m anner that is easily detached from traditional, institutional and communal infrastructures† (104). Cultural philosophies are framed through its interactions with television and the internet rather than through its interaction with the Bible, thus to compete religious leaders have had to turn away from convention and towards technological and literary advantages, but this has not been fully successful in diverting culture from its focus on consumerist philosophies. In the abstraction of religion, then, is the substitution of consumerism to fill in the spaces. Miller states that â€Å"the form of religion we have been discussing - abstracted sentiment divorced from practice - is ideally suited to this world. It supplies the veneer of meaning and conviction of which modern existence so often deprives us, without disrupting the underlying form of our lives - our obligation to consume† (88). As members of the culture see the need to participate in consumption, identity and t he formation of cultural belief becomes tied to the consumer culture. Section 2.3 Thought has become informed by the media, the infusion of materialism and the nature of consumerism becoming the central focus on how life is lived. The nature of culture has been designed by consumerism, what is needed in life and the way that it is used created

Before European Hegemony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Before European Hegemony - Essay Example The readings describe crusades in detail and how they provoked a â€Å"clash of civilizations† between the Christian kingdoms of Europe and the Islamic kingdoms of Turkey and Asia Minor. The crusades were fought on religious grounds and suffused the fighters with a sense of religious fanaticism that proved deadly and dangerous to their opponents on the battlefield. As happens in any time of war, the crusades led to the development of newer technologies as well as newer forms of communication and control. The fact remains that as in contemporary times, the crusades were an important way to stimulate the economies of the European and Islamic countries. However, this should not detract us from the fact that the crusades were barbaric in nature. As the reading indicates, â€Å"the crusades stimulated a remarkable increase in naval power of the mariner states. The heightened demand for ships – to carry crusaders and pilgrims to the holy land- led to a virtual frenzy in ship building† (Abu-Lughod, 111). The pope had a major role to play in the conduct of the crusades and was responsible for papal injunctions against or for certain practices and the way the war was conducted. The readings make an important point about the roles of Genoa and Venice and the way in which these cities contributed to the conduct of the war. The readings make it clear that both Genoa and Venice experienced rapid surges in population thanks to the crusades and the generally heightened economic activity that accompanied this period. The readings make a case for the European subsystems and their access to different structures of power and commerce. The readings highlight the fact that the evolution of the modern forms of commerce and trading can be directly related to the developments in commerce and trade during the time that has been covered in the readings. The readings make

Harry Jay Knowles Essay Example for Free

Harry Jay Knowles Essay Harry Jay Knowles is not a celebrity, a director, or a producer, but despite that, he remains a leading authority in the entertainment business. Well, his face may not be recognized by the people, but with what he does for a living, he could either make or break an entertainment project. Harry Knowles can be considered as one of the most respected movie critics that the entertainment industry has today. Whatever he publishes, people will read. Anything he says, people will believe, well, most if not all of them will. However, with his status as an important movie critic, it can’t be helped that some people would also criticize him. But despite these criticisms, Knowles has nothing less in his mind than to deliver whatever information that he has when it comes to entertainment. He is very eager to share whatever he learns, very much like a child astonished with new discoveries. This can be reflected by the website that he runs, the Ain’t It Cool News (Knowles). Knowles was born and raised in the entertainment world. His family relied mainly on public entertainment for a living, something that Knowles cherished as he was growing up to the man that he is now. He was fond of reading comic books and illustrated readings, as well as watching bootlegged movies from his family’s collections (Poland). Perhaps as a child, Knowles already knew what he wanted when he grows up. He treasured his experiences during his childhood, using it as a building block for his future career. Looking at this point in his life, we can say that Knowles has a root in the entertainment industry. Even as a child, he was surrounded by things like old movies, comic books, magazines, all available for his consumption. At that point in time, even though Knowles would just be a young boy, his environment seemed to be pushing him towards the entertainment business. It was when he was bedridden because of an accident that brought him closer to the internet, to his future neighborhood. As Knowles discovers the wonders of information sharing, his appetite for new things in the entertainment world grew. He began writing reviews of movies and of events, until he became recognized by many because of his works. There are many controversies that people seem to stick to Knowles’ name. Some claim that he’s being paid to make good reviews of some movies, for publicity or just for the sake of attaching his name in the project (Davis). He is an authority in this field; so many people are actually looking to benefit from that. Regarding that, there is no certainty whether he indeed receives payment for doing reviews, but what is certain is that Knowles loves what he’s doing. He seems not to care about anything in this world as long as he’s able to deliver new information on whatever is worthy to talk about. He received various reactions from people, ranging from praises to lawsuits (Ryfle). He gladly accepted whatever came his way, whether positive or negative. From what I see, Harry Jay Knowles pursued a career as a movie critic not because of the fame or the other kicks that he gets from it. Instead it is more of a passion, a culmination of his life’s works. He likes sharing new things to people, whether it is just a gossip or a full-blown marketing strategy. Knowles is not doing these things in favor of other people; he is doing this to satisfy his wants. Knowles as a movie critic may or may not be paid for his work, but he makes sure to get the job done. Ain’t that cool? Works Cited: Davis, Erik. Caution Ahead: Harry Knowles Reviews Cloverfield'. 2008. February 2 2009. http://www. cinematical. com/2008/01/11/caution-ahead-harry-knowles-reviews-cloverfield/. Knowles, Harry. Aint It Cool News. 2009. February 3 2009. http://www. aintitcool. com/. Poland, David. Harry Knowles. 2000. February 2 2009. http://www. lukeford. net/profiles/profiles/harry_knowles. htm. Ryfle, Steve. Extra: The Trouble with Harry Knowles. 2000. February 3 2009. http://www. hollywood. com/news/EXTRA_The_Trouble_With_Harry_Knowles/311968.

Th Brain :: essays research papers

Your brain has two sides ,and each has a distinctly different way of looking at the world. The more we integrate those two sides, the more developed we make ourselves. Integration not only increases our ability to creatively solve problems, but to control physical problems such as epilepsy and migraines. Even more startling is evidence coming to light that we have become a "left-brain culture". Your brain's right and left side have distinctly different ways of looking at the world. Your two hemispheres are as different from each other as me to you. The left brain controls the right side of the body (the exception to this occurs with left handed people which is 15 percent of the population) and is logical scientific, judgmental and verbal. It's interested in the facts, and efficiency. The right brain controls the left side of the body and deals with the creativity and imagination. It is concerned more with the visual and emotional side of life. As you read, your left-side is sensibly making connections and analyzing the meaning of the words, the syntax and other complex relation-ships while putting it into a "language" you can understand. Meanwhile, the right side is providing emotional and even humerous cues, recognizing visual information and causing you to find humor or sadness. While all of this is going on, the two sides are constantly communicating with each other across a connecting fiber tract called the corpus callosum. There is a certain amount of overlap but essentially the two hemispheres of the brain are like two different personalities that working alone would serve no efficient purpose, but when functioning together bring all things into perspective. The most creative decision making and problem solving come about when both sides work together. The left brain analyzing issues, problems and barriers; the right brain generating fresh approaches; and the left brain translating the into plans of action. "In a time of vast change like the present, the intuitive side of the brain operates so fast it can see what's coming," says Dr. Howard Eisenberg, a medical doctor with a degree in psychology who has studied hemispheric relationships. "The left brain is too slow, but the right can see around corners." An increasing number of medical professionals believe that being in touch with our brain, especially the right half, can help control medical problems. For some doctors use "imaginable thinking" to control everything from migraines to asthma, to high blood pressure. It is said that by teaching someone to raise to raise their temperature - by imaging they are sunbathing or in a warm bath- they can control their circulatory Th Brain :: essays research papers Your brain has two sides ,and each has a distinctly different way of looking at the world. The more we integrate those two sides, the more developed we make ourselves. Integration not only increases our ability to creatively solve problems, but to control physical problems such as epilepsy and migraines. Even more startling is evidence coming to light that we have become a "left-brain culture". Your brain's right and left side have distinctly different ways of looking at the world. Your two hemispheres are as different from each other as me to you. The left brain controls the right side of the body (the exception to this occurs with left handed people which is 15 percent of the population) and is logical scientific, judgmental and verbal. It's interested in the facts, and efficiency. The right brain controls the left side of the body and deals with the creativity and imagination. It is concerned more with the visual and emotional side of life. As you read, your left-side is sensibly making connections and analyzing the meaning of the words, the syntax and other complex relation-ships while putting it into a "language" you can understand. Meanwhile, the right side is providing emotional and even humerous cues, recognizing visual information and causing you to find humor or sadness. While all of this is going on, the two sides are constantly communicating with each other across a connecting fiber tract called the corpus callosum. There is a certain amount of overlap but essentially the two hemispheres of the brain are like two different personalities that working alone would serve no efficient purpose, but when functioning together bring all things into perspective. The most creative decision making and problem solving come about when both sides work together. The left brain analyzing issues, problems and barriers; the right brain generating fresh approaches; and the left brain translating the into plans of action. "In a time of vast change like the present, the intuitive side of the brain operates so fast it can see what's coming," says Dr. Howard Eisenberg, a medical doctor with a degree in psychology who has studied hemispheric relationships. "The left brain is too slow, but the right can see around corners." An increasing number of medical professionals believe that being in touch with our brain, especially the right half, can help control medical problems. For some doctors use "imaginable thinking" to control everything from migraines to asthma, to high blood pressure. It is said that by teaching someone to raise to raise their temperature - by imaging they are sunbathing or in a warm bath- they can control their circulatory

Out of Africa or Multiregional Theory Essay

For many years, scientists have wondered about the evolution of mankind. The two theories that scientists have come up with over the years to explain the theory of evolution were the multiregional theory and out of Africa theory. The multiregional theory expresses the idea that Homo erectus developed in different parts of the world. The out of Africa theory expresses that Homo erectus developed in Africa nearly two million-years-ago and as the temperatures changed, they moved throughout the world and developed differently. The multiregional view posits that genes from all human populations of the Old World flowed between different regions and by mixing together, contributed to what we see today as fully modern humans. The replacement hypothesis suggests that the genes in fully modern humans all came out of Africa. As these peoples migrated they replaced all other human populations with little or no interbreeding† (Johanson, 2001). The multi-regional hypothesis argues that our early hominid ancestors, including Homo ergaster and Homo heidelbergensis, migrated out of Africa and thus the evolution of modern humans took place in different parts of the world – a process termed regional continuity. This theory places great emphasis on the notion of steady evolutionary alterations or changes that happen in different regions and produce diverse variations of the species. Evolution of this kind is kept at a regular rate due to an amalgamation of cultural progress and ‘gene flow’ or interbreeding, thus keeping all lineages evolving at the same time. This process is characterized as parallel evolution, which suggests a subtle morphological resemblance between populations of species who are geographically separated† (Edwards, 2012). â€Å"The out of Africa view posits that Homo erectus migrated out of Africa the different populations became reproductively isolated, evolving independently, and in some cases like the Neanderthals, into separate species Homo sapiens arose in one place, probably Africa Homo sapiens ultimately migrated out of Africa and replaced all other human populations, without interbreeding modern human variation is a relatively recent phenomenon† (Johanson, 2001). The Out of Africa theory predicts that the earliest fossils of Homo sapiens will only be found in Africa along with any transitional fossils, marking the evolutionary process of these modern humans. Such fossils will not be found outside this area. Secondly, this model suggests that modern-day human populations may not necessarily share lineages or links with the earlier populations that inhabited the same region. This idea stems from the notion that the new populations of modern humans that inhabit an area will replace any archaic Homo species that occupy this region, thus establishing a new lineage of descent. Evidence in support of these ideas exists through multiple sources, showing the clear superiority of this theory in contrast with the multi-regionalist model. Such evidence can be found in the striking research of molecular geneticists; research which supports the idea of modern humans arising in one place and subsequently spreading elsewhere† (Edwards, 2012). Both theories were further examined through anatomical, archaeological, and genetic evidence to prove which theory seems more valid. â€Å"The anatomical and paleogeographic evidence suggests that Neanderthals and early modern humans had been isolated from one another and were evolving separately into two distinct species† (Johanson, 2001). â€Å"The genetic studies support the view that Neanderthals did not interbreed with Homo sapiens who migrated into Europe. It is, therefore, highly likely that modern humans do not carry Neanderthal genes in their DNA. † (Johanson, 2001). â€Å"Archaeological evidence from Europe suggests that Neanderthals may have survived in the Iberian Peninsula until perhaps as recently as 30,000 to 35,000 years ago. Fully modern humans first appear in Europe at around 35,000-40,000 years ago, bringing with them an Upper Paleolithic tool tradition referred to as the Aurignacian. Hence, Neanderthals and fully modern humans may have overlapped for as much as 10,000 years in Europe. Again, with fully modern humans on the scene, it is not necessary to have Neanderthals evolve into modern humans, further bolstering the view that humans replaced Neanderthals. † (Johanson, 2001). The out of Africa theory is the theory most scientists are approving as the evolution of all humans due to fossil, anatomical and genetic evidence. â€Å"Researchers have discovered fossilized remains of two previously unknown primate species that lived 37 million years ago in what is now the Egyptian desert. The ancient teeth and jawbones of the tiny, monkeylike creatures shed new light on the poorly understood evolution of early anthropoids, a suborder of primates that includes apes, monkeys, and humans. The discovery, researchers say, is evidence that the common ancestor of living anthropoids arose in Africa and that anthropoids have been evolving on the now separated Africa-Arabia landmass for at least 45 million years† (Lovgren, 2005). All evidence points to the out of Africa theory being the most probable theory.

Court Essay

COURT ASSIGNMENT DETAIL COURT ASSIGNMENT IS DUE BY MARCH 25, 2013 USE THE INFORMATION BELOW AS A GUIDELINE Report to include the date and time of your attendance. The court rooms you observed. – Observe criminal proceedings and identify terms discussed in class such as bail, show cause, probation, sentences, incarceration, parole, conditional sentence, curfews, restitution, diversion, warrants, etc. – Provide a brief synopsis of your observations incorporating concepts discussed in class. – Maximum 4 typed pages plain white copy paper – One staple in top left corner 35 % of your total mark – Name and student number on title page – Document must be professional in appearance There is a template attached that you may use. The Court I attended was Court of Justice. On March 21 2013 after my classes and I got there on time for the court session at 11:00 a. m. It was my first time entering court, the security was very strict, they looked through m y purse and made me take everything out of my pockets. After the security check I started looking for courtrooms with trials going on I entered a very interesting Courtroom 10 on the 6th floor.There was many people waiting in that courtroom including attorneys, but the attorneys were standing by the defendants. The trail was open to the public’ the crown stated the facts about the ( ) this wasn’t a jury trail the judge made the decision. As the Crown sated the facts, the Accused was arrested in September 13, 2011 for distribution of narcotics and prohibited firearms position. The offender was released on conditional sentence due to the judge was satisfied that the offender did not pose danger to the community.The offender has been on house arrest until the date of his trail and he breached his condition five times. On March 2nd, 2013 the accused was having an argument at home with his family and he decided to leave the house for a walk to cool down and the police spot him and ran his name through the system and found that he wasn’t supposed to be outside of the resident. He was arrested without a warrant and taken to custody and was advised of his legal rights. He was convicted five times due to his failure of his bail.He was found guilty of violating his bail and in most cases it is difficult to receive another release on bail in the future. The crown argued that the accused is guilty of three matters of breach and asked for jail time. The accused failed under section 145 under the criminal code. â€Å" Failure to comply with appearance notice or promise to appear† failure to section 145 will a) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years b) offence punishable on summary conviction.On my 27th 2012 the accused lost his assured, on September 13th 2012, July 6th 2012, March 2nd 2013 was the dates of his convictions. He will be serving 18 additional days in custody. The judge asked the accused if he pleads guilty to all the accusations and he said â€Å" yes your honor† and asked him again if he is influenced under alcohol or drugs, and his answer was â€Å" no your honor† then the accused left the court room and was taken back to custody. The Judge found him guilty and made the decision to stay in custody until trail date.

Influence of Women in the Yoruba Culture

Influence of Women in the Yoruba Culture Free Online Research Papers Soyinka’s play, Death and the King’s Horseman, is about a man who does not fulfill a tradition that has been carried on throughout his culture. When the King’s chief horseman, Elesin, does not complete his ritual suicide so that he can accompany the dead King to the other side, he breaks a tradition that has, for years, brought together the living and the dead. The tradition of the Yoruba culture is based on the position of the King and its passing down from father to son, as well as the same with the King’s horseman. Olunde, the oldest son of Elesin, knows this tradition and as soon as the King’s death is revealed, he is aware that his father will die a month later. When this does happen, Olunde is obligated to bury his father and then take over his role as the King’s horseman. The end of the play takes a turn when Olunde dies because his father has not succeeded is this tradition; no son is left behind to carry it out. This tradition has been broken and therefore it cannot be performed anymore. Soyinka’s Death and the King’s Horseman presumably takes place in a world where males take control and women play a minor part in their central tradition. I do believe that an in-depth look at the women characters in Death and the King’s Horseman can show different ways of thinking about power, influence, and responsibility. There are many occurrences in the play in which you can tell how Elesin feels toward the women in his culture. For instance, in Act one, Elesin comes marching into the market and speaks about how all the women love him. The Praise-Singer then remembers the time Elesin was caught with his sister-in-law, ‘‘but I was only prostrating myself to her as becomes a grateful in-law† (Soyinka, pg. 14). In the same Act, Elesin becomes distracted by an object off-stage which is revealed later as a young woman who Elesin admires and must have. Another instance occurs in Act 3, when Elesin comes out of the wedding chamber with the stained sheet that shows the bride was a virgin and did not dishonor him. Lastly, in Act five, when Elesin is in the jail cell and Jane Pilkings tries to talk to Elesin about why her husband did what he did, Elesin is extremely impolite and basically shuns her from the whole thing, ‘‘That is my wife sitting down there. You notice how still a nd silent she sits? My business is with your husband† (Soyinka, pg. 54). Through these passages, we can understand that Elesin has a very important position in carrying out his tradition and he definitely does not see any influence in woman to help him. However, the women in the play seem to be in touch more with the spirit world than the men. Iyaloja, the Mother of the market, is the leader of all the women. In Death and the King’s Horseman, even Elesin shows Iyaloja her respect. Iyaloja is more insightful than Elesin. She sees the risk in Elesin’s request to marry and take the brides virginity and she warns him to be careful, â€Å"be sure the seed you leave attracts no curse† (Soyinka, pg. 18). Iyaloja also sees that the child between Elesin and the bride will be â€Å"the elusive being of passage† (Soyinka, pg. 17). However, Elesin, being the way that he is, does not listen to Iyaloja the same way that he does not want to hear Jane Pilkings. The women in this play appear to be more sensible compared to the male that they would be equal to, if rank mattered. Iyaloja is the leader of the women and is wiser than Elesin, the King’s horseman. In Act three, the women of the market make fun of Amusa and his constables, although police officers are higher in authority, â€Å"[with a sudden movement they snatch the batons of the two constables. They begin to hem them in.] ‘What next? We have your batons? What next? What are you going to do?’ [with equally swift movements they knock off their hats] ‘Move if you dare. We have your hats. What will you do about it? Didn’t the white man teach you to take off your hats before women?† (Soyinka, pgs. 29-30). The voices speaking are the characters labeled ‘girls’ therefore, the reader can presume that she is younger and still had that power to make the authority figure run off. Also, between Jane and Simon Pilkings, Jane is more alert a nd responsive to people’s feelings then her husband Simon. In Act 2, Jane and her husband are dancing around in their egungun costumes and Amusa comes in and feels awkward toward them (â€Å"the egungun costume is a long grass robe and a wooden mask representing the face or head of an animal that the re-incarnated spirits of the ancestors wear† [Soyinka, pg. 20]). Simon doesn’t really seem to care that Amusa is bothered by these costumes, but Jane senses Amusa’s distress and tries to find out more about why it bothers him. She even asks her husband to remove the clothing. Also, she understands that Simon has made fun of holy water and has offended Joseph (the houseboy). Jane does not value Roman Catholicism, but when she realizes Joseph’s angry she tells Simon to apologize because she does not want to lose her houseboy, â€Å"Calling holy water nonsense to our Joseph is really like insulting the Virgin Mary before a Roman Catholic. He’s going to hand in his notice tomorrow you mark my word† (Soyinka, pg. 24). After Jane tells Simon that he has offended the house boy, on the next page Simon apologizes for saying what he said, â€Å"[between gritted teeth] Er..forget what I said just now. The holy water is not nonsense. I was talking nonsense† (Soyinka, pg. 25). By Simon saying this through ‘gritted teeth,’ the reader can understand that he did not really want to apologize, but he did it anyway because of what his wife said. On the next page, Jane almost puts Simon in his place when he complains about what he did. Jane asks him how Amusa took the apology and Simon goes on to say, â€Å"Who the hell gives a damn? I had a sudden vision of our Reverend Macfarlane drafting another letter of complaint to the resident about my unchristian language toward his parishioners. I wanted to make sure that Joseph didn’t ‘lose’ my note on the way. He looked sufficiently full of holy crusade to do such thing.† (Soyinka, pg. 26). And then Jane come s right back at him saying, â€Å"If you’ve finished exaggerating, come and have something to eat† (Soyinka, pg. 26). Simon might be the Colonial District Officer and makes decisions that are important for his town, but through these passages, the reader can infer that Jane has a slight power over her husband that he cannot control. Also, Jane appears to be easier to talk to, according to Olunde. â€Å"I need your help Mrs. Pilkings. I’ve always found you somewhat more understanding than your husband† (Soyinka, pg. 42). Reading on in Act four, the audience understands that Jane does not understand Olunde’s reaction to his father’s death when she yells and calls him vulgar names. Unlike Simon, who does not care to learn anymore about the Yoruba culture because they are under his administration, Jane asks Olunde to explain what is going on. ‘‘Your calm acceptance for instance, can you explain that? It was so unnatural. I donâ€℠¢t understand it at all. I feel a need to understand all I can. I feel it has to do with the many things we don’t really grasp about your people† (Soyinka, pg 46). Jane wants to learn more about this tradition so she can understand why they do it. Aside from Elesin having the responsibility of continuing out the tradition of following the King, Iyaloja has to make a sacrifice of her own, but she has no problem completing it, unlike Elesin. This shows Iyaloja’s loyalty and her responsibility in her culture. Iyaloja’s son is to marry the bride that Elesin has chosen (the object off-stage). She let’s this happen so that Elesin can have his request for his last day. When this first happens, Iyaloja is very upset with this decision, but she does not want to speak up because Elesin is supposed to make a sacrifice for her so she feels she should make the same for him. She does not want to â€Å"burden him with knowledge that will sour his wish and lay regrets on the last moments of his mind† (Soyinka, pg. 16). The importances of these sacrifices are of the same significance and there is proof in the play that tells us so. In the beginning, the Praise-singer is commending Elesin for the way he is following through with his duty and the tradition, telling him, â€Å"Our world was never wrenched from its true course,† and â€Å"the world was never tilted from its groove, it shall not be in yours† (Soyinka, pg. 6). The Praise-singer is basically telling Elesin that this tradition has lived on for generations and if he breaks this tradition that he is of extreme failure to the culture. When Iyaloja has to make her decision of letting her son’s bride marry Elesin, the other women try to make her refuse Elesin’s request and Iyaloja states â€Å"don’t set this world adrift of your own time; would you rather it was my hand sacrilege wrenched it loose?† (Soyinka, pg. 16). The wrong action on Elesin or Iyaloja’s part will have an extreme consequence. The young bride that Elesin chooses also has an important task to fulfill and she also completes it, unlike Elesin. Throughout the play, the bride keeps to herself and does not speak. Her thoughts are never considered and we have no way of knowing how she feels about being with Elesin or how she truly feels about the man that she was supposed to marry (Iyaloja’s son). When the women return with the bride after getting her ready in the chamber, Elesin’s face â€Å"[glows with pleasure]† (Soyinka, pg. 18), but it is never mention how the bride feels or what her face looks like. Is she glowing with pleasure? Or is she miserable and wants to be with the one she really loves? Regardless of this, the bride marries Elesin and lets him taker her virginity. After, the bride comes out of the wedding chamber and is standing â€Å"[shyly by her husband’s side]† (Soyinka, pg. 32). When Elesin is imprisoned, his bride is â€Å"[seated on the ground to one side, her eyes perpetually bent to the ground]† (Soyinka, pg. 50). When Elesin speaks to his wife about how she took away his duty, she does not interfere or say anything back to him. Also, when Jane tries to speak to Elesin, he tells her that his bride knows not to interfere with the man’s problems. This is almost like the bride is a prisoner too, but when Elesin dies, the bride â€Å"walks calmly into the cell and closes Elesin’s eyes. She then pours some earth over each eyelid and comes out again† (Soyinka, pg. 63). The bride, throughout the play, does not show any feeling or emotion to what is happening. She knows that she has a duty and she takes full responsibility for it. Without speaking or showing this emotion, she just performs her duty. The women in Soyinka’s Death and the King’s Horseman are passive when it comes to the men, but they have proven to be responsible, strong, and will carry out the future in the play. At the end, Elesin and his son Olunde are dead, and Simon will have to take the blame for it when everyone finds out what happened. The men have caused all the big problems in this play. The beginning of the play is all about the power a man has, Elesin flaunting through the market. At the end of the play, the women (Iyaloja and the bride) are focused on the future, what it holds, and how to carry out their culture. â€Å"Now forget the dead, forget even the living. Turn your mind only to the unborn.† (Soyinka, pg. 63). Soyina, Wole.Death and the King’s Horseman.New York, NY:W.W. Norton and Company, 2003. Research Papers on Influence of Women in the Yoruba CultureThe Fifth HorsemanComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBringing Democracy to AfricaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Honest Iagos Truth through DeceptionPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Municipal Recycling Is Not Mandatory in All U.S. Cities

Municipal Recycling Is Not Mandatory in All U.S. Cities Mandatory recycling is a hard sell in the United States, where the economy runs largely along free market lines and landfilling waste remains inexpensive and efficient. When the research firm Franklin Associates examined the issue a decade ago, it found that the value of the materials recovered from curbside recycling was far less than the extra costs of collection, transportation, sorting and processing incurred by municipalities. Recycling Often Costs More Than Sending Waste to Landfills Plain and simple, recycling still costs more than landfilling in most locales. This fact, coupled with the revelation that the so-called â€Å"landfill crisis† of the mid-1990s may have been overblown- most of our landfills still have a considerable capacity and do not pose health hazards to surrounding communities- means that recycling has not caught on the way some environmentalists were hoping it would. Education, Logistics and Marketing Strategies Can Lower Recycling Costs However, many cities have found ways to recycle economically. They have cut costs by scaling back the frequency of curbside pickups and automating sorting and processing. They’ve also found larger, more lucrative markets for the recyclables, such as developing countries eager to reuse our cast-off items. Increased efforts by green groups to educate the public about the benefits of recycling have also helped. Today, dozens of U.S. cities are diverting upwards of 30 percent of their solid waste streams to recycling. Recycling Is Mandatory in Some U.S. Cities While recycling remains an option for most Americans, a few cities, such as Pittsburgh, San Diego, and Seattle, have made recycling mandatory. Seattle passed its mandatory recycling law in 2006 as a way to counter declining recycling rates there. Recyclables are now prohibited from both residential and business garbage. Businesses must sort for recycling all paper, cardboard and yard waste. Households must recycle all basic recyclables, such as paper, cardboard, aluminum, glass, and plastic. Mandatory Recycling Customers Fined or Denied Service for Non-Compliance Businesses with garbage containers â€Å"contaminated† with more than 10 recyclables are issued warnings and eventually fines if they don’t comply. Household garbage cans with recyclables in them are simply not collected until the recyclables are removed to the recycling bin. Meanwhile, a handful of other cities, including Gainesville, Florida and Honolulu, Hawaii, require businesses to recycle, but not yet residences. New York City: A Case Study for Recycling In perhaps the most famous case of a city putting recycling to the economic test, New York, a national leader on recycling, decided to stop its least cost-effective recycling programs (plastic and glass) in 2002. But rising landfill costs ate up the $39 million savings expected. As a result, the city reinstated plastic and glass recycling and committed to a 20-year contract with the country’s largest private recycling firm, Hugo Neu Corporation, which built a state-of-the art facility along South Brooklyn’s waterfront. There, automation has streamlined the sorting process, and its easy access to rail and barges has cut both the environmental and transportation costs previously incurred by using trucks. The new deal and new facility have made recycling much more efficient for the city and its residents, proving once and for all that responsibly run recycling programs can actually save money, landfill space, and the environment. EarthTalk is a regular feature of E/The Environmental Magazine. Selected EarthTalk columns are reprinted on About Environmental Issues by permission of the editors of E.

Future Trends of AviaitionEarospace Education Essay

Future Trends of AviaitionEarospace Education - Essay Example Now, however, there are factors that mitigate against this once-abundant pool of available talent, creating a need for more trained pilots to take to the skies. First, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the federal governing body for all commercial air flight, has a strict retirement rule. All pilots must leave the cockpit at the age of 60. While this has not yet created any dramatic shortages, writer Denver Beaulieu-Hains (2000) said that situation will change very soon. "Over the next 10 years, [the retirement] requirement may put a crunch on airline work forces, as baby boomers reach their golden years. And, with military cutbacks resulting in fewer trained pilots, the strain is hitting the industry from both ends of the runway." Beaulieu-Hains (2000) further stated that the baby-boomer pilots now approaching the retirement age represent fully one-third of the commercial aviation industry's pilot and mechanic work force. When they are forced to retire, the growing shortage will exacerbate considerably. To no one's surprise, the Professional Pilots Federation is trying to get the 60-and-out rule overturned. In April 2000, it petitioned the FAA for exemptions for 69 members of its organization, at the same time requesting strenuous testing - both physical and neuropsychological - to see if older pilots are indeed more likely to suffer from incapacitation than younger pilots (Beaulieu-Hains, 2000). (The age 60 retirement rule was set by the FAA in the 1950s, based on the belief that the ability to process and act on information slows as one gets older.) Stringent Qualifications Required Becoming a commercial pilot is not easy, even for someone who is fit physically and emotionally. All candidates for any cockpit flight position must meet strict FAA medical requirements and receive what the governing body calls an FAA Class 1 Medical Certificate. This assures the prospective employer that the person applying for a pilot's job is free from any physical or emotional conditions or disorders that would prevent him or her from performing the complex duties required of today's modern aircraft (Faa.org, 2001). And, the airlines themselves are no less strict. Anyone involved in an aircraft's flight, of course, has the lives of as many as 300 people in his or her hands. Particularly at the major airlines, standards not only meet FAA requirements, but usually exceed them. Southwest Airlines is a case in point. Before a candidate is even interviewed for a flight position, the airline requires the following: Resume, Airman Certificate (required by the FAA, as well), U.S. Type Rating on a B-737, the First Class Medical Certificate, ad at least three letters of recommendation. Those letters cannot be simply from friends or relatives; they must be from individuals who can attest to the pilot's flying skills, and who have observed them in flight over a sustained period of time (Southwest, 2000). As for flight experience, Southwest requires 2,500 total hours for jet aircraft or 1,500 hours for turbine aircraft. Beyond that, the airline also requires 1,000 hours as "pilot in command" on a turbine plane. The airline specifically excludes simulator, helicopter, and other non-turbine or jet aircraft and prefers candidates who have a four-year college degree (Southwest, 2000). Other airlines are not so stringent, especially smaller one,