Organ Donation A Controversial Issue - 982 Words

Organ donation is a controversial issue in most countries which simply involves the donation of a biological organ or tissue from a living or dead human body to a living recipient who needs a transplant or for scientific research. There have been several debates on the issue that everyone should be willing to donate their organ as it is of no use when they die. Some members of the public consider organ donation as an ultimate gift of life. Some people on the other hand, consider it improper due to religious or moral belief. A donor card is a card which a person carries to specify the approval to the use of their organs or body parts for transplantation or scientific use in the event of their death. This essay will support the statement that everyone should carry a donor card and state the reasons on how it can help improve the chances of survival. Organ donation could save the life of so many Individuals. One organ donor can save or significantly improve the lives of a minimum of sev en others (Morgan, 2004). There has been a severe shortage in the availability of organ for transplantation. Presently, more than 40,000 patients in the United States are expecting organ transplants and it is guesstimated that about 60,000 people die yearly due to limited availability of organ for transplantation (Skumanich et al., 1996). The demand for organ donor is rising as transplant surgery turn out to be increasingly popular and successful in saving the lives of many individuals. CardShow MoreRelatedOrgan Donation : A Controversial Issue2016 Words   |  9 PagesThe topic of organ donation can be a very controversial subject when the widely accepted policies are questioned or challenged. The current procedure for organ donation in Newfoundland and Labrador, as well as many other parts of the Western world, is that in order for one’s organs to be donated, that person must have first given express consent while alive by way of filling out a form when obtaining or rene wing their driver’s license or MCP card. This person is then listed as an organ donor and, providingRead MoreOrgan Donation Should Be Mandatory1630 Words   |  7 Pagessubject of organ donation becomes increasingly important. For years, the topic has been the source of many controversial debates regarding its ethical and moral ideations. Organ donation should remain voluntary for several reasons: first and foremost it is still considered a donation. Next, patients and their families should have the right to say no to medical procedures. And, lastly, bodily autonomy should be respected by healthcare professionals. Many argue, however, that organ donation should beRead MoreThe Price is Right Essay examples942 Words   |  4 Pagesfocusing on the wrong problems. One major problem deals with organ donations, and there is always a recurring question; should the family of the donor be compensated? Each patient unfortunately becomes an insignificant statistic joining the lines of hopeless patients who wait in line on the organ transplant list. The scarcity of transplant organs in the United States is accredited to many reasons: the unwillingness of families to approve donation after the donors death, even if the patient has wished toRead MoreBioEthics Essay example855 Words   |  4 Pageshas always plagued medical science is failing organs. As of today, organ failure is impossible to reverse and the only solution is replacement. There is a massive demand for healthy organs and with this demand comes the issue of bioethics. The issue of bioethics has become so prevalent it has also arisen in popular culture. The best example of this being the movie Repo! The Genetic Opera ¸ which takes place in the future, years after an epidemic of organ failure wreaked havoc on the population of manRead MoreEssay on Organ Donation1638 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent process of procuring organs for transplantation. It will also explore technology on the horizon and alternates to donation. The waiting list for transplant surgery far exceeds the current supply. Black Market organ trade in this, as well in foreign countries is alive and well. Donation is not able to keep up with demand. We have to take measures to ensure those in the most need are taken care of. We already allow people to sell eggs, sperm and blood why not other organs? I will attempt to showRead MoreAltruism Over Incentives For Organ Donation Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesAltruism Over Incentives for Organ Donation Over the years, organ donation challenges and demands increased inversely in proportion to the organ shortages. The primary mission of donor’s organizations is to save as many terminally ill recipients at the end stages of their lives as possible with an end goal of giving these recipients a normal a life span. The significance of organ donation is to restore an ailing person’s quality of life. The ongoing issue of organ shortages may be a symptom ofRead MoreThe For An Anonymous Donor Program985 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are solutions to the organ shortage problem, there are also alternative solutions. The first alternative solution is to establish an anonymous donor program, where organs are donated and received from complete strangers. An advantage to an anonymous donor program would be that, it would eliminate the social bias and the medical bias. On the other hand, a disadvantage would be that, the recipient of the organ would know nothing about the donor. That could present issues for someone that usesRead MoreAltruism Over Incentives For Organ Donation Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesAltruism over Incentives for Organ Donation Organ donations have encountered organ donor, and as a result, organ supply decreases. Over the years, organ donation challenges and demands increase inversely in proportion to the organ shortages. The primary mission of donor’s organizations is to save as many terminally ill recipients at the end stages of their lives as possible with an end goal of giving these recipients a normal a life span. The significance of organ donation is to restore an ailing person’sRead MoreSavior Siblings1071 Words   |  5 PagesSavior Siblings The subject of savior siblings is a complex dilemma that encompasses multiple issues. Is it ethical to have a child in order to save another? Is pre-implantation genetic testing moral? Can parents make the decisions for their kids about organ donation? In order for this ethical dilemma to be resolved these questions need to be answered. In the case of Molly Nash, the family was not morally culpable for their decision to have another child to save Molly’s life because AdamRead MoreOrgan Donations : A Problem For The Transplantation Industry Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pages Organ donations stimulate positivity for the terminally ill despite all the challenges that has arisen from prior casual events. Through the correlation of persevering the gift of life to extend one’s life duration period, the organ shortage supply chain may not contribute much less withstands for unethical practice. The transplantation industry process may encounter various undergoes for the sup ply of organs before having a divine outcome. Organ shortages have become a problem for the transplantation

Literary Analysis of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Essay

Thomas Lim December 9, 2010 English 2 Professor Padilla Themes of Racism and Segregation in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou. Specifically it will discuss the themes of racism and segregation, and how these strong themes are woven throughout this moving autobiography. Maya Angelou recounts the story of her early life, including the racism and segregation she experiences throughout her formative years. With wit, sincerity, and remarkable talent, Angelou portrays racism as a product of ignorance and prejudice. However, she finds the strength to rise above this crippling condition.†¦show more content†¦She is then threatened and told not to tell an adult if she wants to save her brother’s life. This leads to a long period of time where she refuses to speak to anyone. She writes of this time, There was an army of adults, whose motives and movements I just couldnt understand and who made no effort to understand mine (Angelou 72). This may be one of the lon eliest periods in Angelous life, but in some ways, it made her stronger and more able to survive in the whites world, even though it was a terrible ordeal. After she stops speaking, Angelou and her brother are sent back to Stamps. Here, she begins to see the solace that many blacks feel in their resignation and acceptance of prejudice and racism. She writes, They showed me a contentment based on the belief that nothing more was coming to them, although a great deal more was due. Their decision to be satisfied with lifes inequities was a lesson for me (Angelou 86). Angelou learned this lesson, but never quite became satisfied with lifes inequities; thankfully, she retained some of her rage regarding inequalities between white and black, which give great depth and emotion to her writing and her life. The importance of education and knowledge is at the root of Angelous flight from the South, and she realizes it. Critic Harold Bloom writes, Marguerite is showered withShow MoreRelat edI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1482 Words   |  6 Pages Maya Angelou tells of her life experiences and struggles in her book â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† that gives us insight about Maya’s life as a young black girl growing up in a time of racism. The novel discusses various forms of oppression that she had to face as well cope with them. Robert A. Gross wrote an analysis for Newsweek about the book and claimed that Angelou’s book is not only an interesting story of her own experience, but also a portrayal of a Southern black communityRead MoreWhy Should Anybody Care?1198 Words   |  5 Pages ELA7_SB_U5_L11 Introduction and Objective â€Å"Why should anybody care?† That’s the question of the day! The answer is also how you create an effective concluding section for your essay. You want to make sure your reader understands why they read through your entire essay, and you want them to be happy they spent the time doing it! Today s lesson objective is: Students will write a concluding section that follows from the information or explanation presented. In addition to a strong introductionRead MoreMaya Angelou: A Model Woman Through Influential Literature Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesHer literature has influenced the young and old with their contents. Maya Angelous literary significance rests primarily upon her exceptional ability to tell her life story as both a human being and a black American woman. She is best known for her series of six autobiographical volumes, which focuses on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first and most highly acclaimed, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , written in 1969, tells of her first seventeen years. It brought her internationalRead MoreMaya Angelou’s Unique Self Essay2562 Words   |  11 Pages p.20). In Maya Angelou’s autobiography, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, she recounts her early years as a young girl growing up in Stamps, Arkansas who faces displacement, trauma, and prejudice. It is through her character and artistic expression that she is able to overcome the trauma of her childhood and evolve into the distinguished and unique individual that has captivated millions through literature. In her book, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, Angelou reflects on the impact that her childhoodRead More Censorship in the Classroom Essay2774 Words   |  12 Pagesconsidered controversial because of its statement about or use of these topics. What makes these and other areas so touchy in the classroom? Why do some parents and concerned community members want controversial materials out of the classroom? In this look at the language of censorship, we must first define censorship, who does the censoring, and why. These will be the first three spotlights for looking at the language of censorship. Then, we will look at how teachers, especially teachersRead MoreThe Mayor Of Casterbridge, Symbolism, Animal Kingdom, Philosophy1768 Words   |  8 Pages Keywords: Thomas Hardy, The Mayor of Casterbridge, Symbolism, Bird Imagerey, Animal Kingdom, Philosophy Introduction The Mayor of Casterbridge is one of the masterpieces and the imperishable novel of Thomas Hardy, although it has never enjoyed the popularity of Tess and Jude. Hardy was at the height of his creative powers when he began work on it at the age of forty four. Initially, the novel appeared serially, in twenty installments, in 1886 in an English periodical, The Graphic, and wasRead MoreHot and Cold: Warmth in Poetry Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesHot and Cold: Warmth in Poetry Poetry is one of the more mysterious denizens of the literary world. A poem can be anything, from a three-lined poem known as a haiku to a giant epic poem like the â€Å"The Odyssey.† They can be rhyming or non-rhyming, long or short, sensible or nonsensical. Even lyrics in songs can be considered poetry, seeing as how they are rhyming and flow so well. The parameters for a poem are wide, the requirements few; but no matter what style or author you read, from Homer to DoctorRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 3309 Words   |  14 Pagesfeel women are the property of their husbands. Even in speaking to their wives, the men address the women as Mrs. Hale, Mrs. Peters or Mrs. Wright. It is as if the women are nobodies, without the men. When the sheriff speaks of his wife, he says: â€Å"I suppose anything Mrs. Peters does’ll be all right† (558). The sheriff infers, since Mrs. Peters is married to him, she is an honest woman, therefore insinuating without him she would not be honest. This speaks volumes of Mrs. Wright’s identity. TheRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pages Bildungsroman From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search In literary criticism, a Bildungsroman (German pronunciation: [ˈbÉ ªldÊŠÅ‹s.Ê oËÅ'maË n]; German: novel of formation, education, culture),[a] novel of formation, novel of education,[2] or coming-of-age story (though it may also be known as a subset of the coming-of-age story) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age),[3]

Nursing History Timeline - 1120 Words

Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Christine Z. Liwag University of Phoenix Nursing is a profession where nurses take care of patients in the hospital and some nurses do it outside the hospital. Anyone can become a nurse as long as the individual completed an educational requirement from a certified nursing school. Long time ago, nursing profession is not considered as a career and often being ignored. When Florence Nightingale gave her attention to nursing, the profession becomes popular and made sense to other people. She developed nursing theories and inspired other nurses become theorist as well. Florence Nightingale (1859) * Born in Florence, Italy on May 12, 1820 * Mother of modern nursing * First†¦show more content†¦Worship according to one’s faith 12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment 13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation 14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities. Lydia Hall (1937). * Born in 1906 * Died in 1969 * Graduated from York Hospital school of nursing in 1927 * Care, Core, Cure Dorothea Orem (1939) * 1914- June 22, 2007 * Born 1914 in Baltimore, US * Providence Hospital – Washington, DC * First Ed. Nursing: Concepts of Practice in 1971, * Orem and Shield’s Inc., Chevy Chase, Maryland * Second Ed. Nursing: Concepts of Practice in 1980, 1985, 1991, 1995, and 2001 * Orem’s definition of Nursing * Nursing is the provision of self-care which is therapeutic in sustaining life and health, in recovering from disease or injury or coping with their effects. * Nursing is a service to people, not a derivative medicine * Nursing promotes the goal of patient self-care. * Theory of Self Care * Self care * Self care agency * Therapeutic self care demand * Self care requisites directed towards provision of self care which are: * Universal self care requisites * Developmental self care requisites * Health deviation self care requisites *Show MoreRelatedHistory Of Nursing Anesthetists And The Administration Of Anesthesia1426 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Nursing Anesthetists Nurse anesthetists are nurses that have specialized in the administration of anesthesia. They have completed the additional schooling, and other requirements necessary to prepare them for this career. Nurse anesthetists have a challenging career that they are fairly compensated for. It is a respected profession that is estimated to grow significantly in the future. Furthermore there are many options for growth and promotion opportunities. This career comes withRead MoreNursing Timeline1137 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Development of Nursing Timeline Historical Development of Nursing Timeline The 19th century marked the beginning of professional nursing. Florence Nightingale was the legend behind it as she began the struggle of nurses being recognized as professionals. It is hard to believe that nurses were once assigned to the job as a sentence for crimes committed or for the women who were too old or sick to hold conventional jobs. Nightingale’s focus included infection control, documentationRead MoreEssay about Historical Development of Nursing Timeline1050 Words   |  5 PagesDevelopment of Nursing Timeline Blesilda Galsim NUR/513 March 6, 2012 Noura Kassis Ed.D.,R.N. Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Introduction The evolution of nursing as a profession had showed through time that it is both an art and science. Before the 19th century, the military and religious orders are the ones who perform the duties of how nurses work today. As time went by, different events throughout history such as wars and epidemics had shaped nursing to its presentRead MoreHistorical Development of Nursing Timeline1181 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Development of Nursing Timeline NUR/513 Theoretical Foundations of Practice Historical Development of Nursing Timeline With this paper the focus was on the authors focus on important nursing events from a historical perspective. In the early beginnings of nursing, religion played an important role since religious servants often provided healthcare services to the local communities. Nightingale obtained her education in Germany with Deaconess in Kaiserswerth (Gustafsson amp; Engstrà ¶mRead MoreThe Historical Development of Nursing1308 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopment of Nursing Timeline University of Phoenix Theoretical Foundations of Practice NUR/513 Alexandra Winter December 7, 2013 The Historical Development of Nursing Timeline The nursing profession continues to develop and transform in practice and roles mostly due to the development of nursing models and theories that promote evidence based practice. Nursing remains a profession of caring and service. The pioneers of this profession revolutionized this career and have allowed nursing to evolveRead MoreNursing Timeline792 Words   |  4 PagesNursing Timeline Historical Development Nursing science provides the foundation for professional nursing. The Historical Development of Nursing has made a great impact to healthcare all over the world. Nursing has been a thriving discipline beginning from the era of Florence Nightingale in the mid 1800’s to what the profession of nursing has become in the present. Timeline 1860 - Florence Nightingale, who was the founder of the nursing profession, publishes â€Å"Notes on Nursing: â€Å"WhatRead MoreHistorical Development of Nursing Theory1514 Words   |  7 PagesHistorical Development of Nursing Science Tracy Thompson University of Phoenix Theoretical Foundations of Practice NUR/513 Mary Nicks December 07, 2012 Historical Development of Nursing Science The historical development of nursing may be traced back to Florence Nightingale. Florence Nightingale is known as the first nurse theorist, (George, 2011)Read MoreHistorical Development of Nursing Timeline Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Development of Nursing Timeline Olga NUR/513 Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Nursing is an art and a science. This coexistence assists in the development and advancement of nursing to a higher level of professional practice. The art of nursing emphasizes interpersonal relationships between the nurse and the patient, empathy, and dedication to caring for a patient. The science is the foundation of nursing that guides nursing care based upon the latest scientific discoveriesRead MoreType 1 Diabetes On Children Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pagesare now being able to understand juvenile diabetes. As a result, children are being able to live more normal lives. Although the actual differentiation between type 1 and type 2 happened in the 1970s, Diabetes was noticed in the 1500s. Per the timeline for diabetes, â€Å"Earliest known record of diabetes. An Egyptian physician describes frequent urination as a diabetes symptom (, 2012, p. 65).† In 1948 the American Diabetes Association is founded by 28 physicians (, 2012, p. 65). â€Å"Although HarleyRead MoreA Goal Makes Us Become A Better Person1298 Words   |  6 Pageshospital to practice the mission of nursing, and have a strong relationship. All of them sound really easy, but I do not think I cannot do all of them if I do not have a good plan because â€Å" a goal without a plan is just wish.† Among of three goals, practice the mission of nursing is my number one goal, so what is the mission of nursing? â€Å"BRN Turns 100† by Hedy Dumpel is a short article about how nurses are important to public health. This article introduced the history of the BRN. If a person wants to

Nontraditional Charcters in The Awakening by Kate Chopin...

Kate Chopin uses dynamic characters to help create Edna Pontillier. By using Mr. Pontillier, Edna’s children, and Madame Ratignolle to contrast Edna; and Robert, Madame Raisz, and Arobin as supporting characters to Edna’s untraditional ambitions Kate Chopin produces an independent, unconventional woman. While some characters contrast to Edna all of the characters in The Awakening help to illuminate Edna’s opposition to Creole tradition. Without the use of supporting and contrasting characters Edna would have never been able to fly above tradition. With a husband and two children at the age of twenty eight, Edna Pontillier realized that the mother-wife life was not for her. With her new found independence Edna’s husband was unsure of how†¦show more content†¦Since Madame Ratignolle and Edna are classified under the same group of women, Madame Ratignolle makes Mrs. Pontillier look like a floozy. Madame Ratignolle is also a contributing factor to M rs. Pontillier’s life ending decision. â€Å"Adele, pressing her cheek, whispered in an exhausted voice: â€Å"Think of the children, Edna. Oh think of the children! Remember them!†Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 182) This declaration that Madame Ratignolle makes as Edna is leaving aids her in thinking about the children and what they deserved as well as what she deserved. In The Awakening Robert and Mademoiselle Reisz are the first people who truly extract Edna’s sexuality and independence. Rather than socialize with all the men in the Creole Society Robert chooses to spend his time with Mrs. Pontillier and Madame Ratignolle. Many people, including Madame Ratignolle, could see the sensual tension between Robert and Edna. â€Å"Do me a favor, Robert†¦ I only ask for one; let Mrs. Pontillier alone.† (pg. 35) Although Robert leaves Grand Isle in order to save Mrs. Pontillier he is a predominate factor in why she openly begins to abandon the Creole Society. Robert is th e first character in the story to accept and appreciate Edna’s free spirit and open mind. He helps teach her how to swim and shows the affection and support that she has been looking for. Robert is able to extract Edna’s rebellious because she falls in love with him. This is seen when in Mademoiselle Reisz and Edna’s conversation. â€Å"â€Å"Why do you love him when

The direct effects of Johnes disease Free Essays

Introduction Mycobacterium avium races paratuberculosis ( MAP ) is the causative agent of an incurable, infective, chronic, granulomatous enteritis in ruminants, called Johne ‘s disease or paratuberculosis. The direct effects of Johne ‘s disease on animate being public assistance and productiveness may look insignificant and are frequently masked by the mostly subclinical character of the disease in domesticated farm animal ( incubation period prior to the oncoming of clinical marks by and large ranges from 2 to 10 old ages ) { { 1 Lepper, A.W. We will write a custom essay sample on The direct effects of Johnes disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1989 } } { { 2 Chiodini, R.J. 1984 } } .The economic impact of JohneA?s on dairy cowss industries is significant. Estimated costs as a consequence of reduced weight addition, milk production loss, premature culling and decreased carcase value add up to an one-year sum of $ 250 million ( USD ) in the United States industry entirely { { 3 Ott, S.L. 1999 } } . More recent in-depth estimations indicate a important relationship being between Johne ‘s disease position and decreased milk production { { 51 Smith, R.L. 2009 } } , increased hazard of being culled { { 40 Smith, R.L. 2010 } } and a reduced calving rate in high sloughing animate beings. The on-going contention refering the possible function of MAP in Crohn ‘s disease ( human inflammatory intestine disease ) suggests that MAP itself might be of great public wellness significance { { 17 Hermon-Taylor, J. 2000 } } . 1.2. Transmission of MAP Cattles are most susceptible to infection as calves from birth to a few months of age { { 27 Taylor, A.W. 1953 ; 55 Windsor, P.A. 2010 } } , but can besides be infected as grownups { { 28 Doyle, T.M. 1951 } } .Transmission of MAP can happen by a assortment of paths in dairy cowss ; horizontally by consumption of MAP from the environment, or vertically from dike to calf. Evidence of intrauterine transmittal and sloughing of MAP in milk and foremilk has been reported by several surveies { { 5 Nielsen, S.S. 2008 ; 25 Seitz, S.E. 1989 ; 24 Sweeney, R.W. 1992 } } . Although calf-to-calf transmittal has besides been demonstrated in several experimental scenes where calves are being housed together { { 52 RANKIN, J.D. 1961 ; 53 new wave Roermund, H.J. 2007 } } horizontal infection from cattles to calves and perpendicular infection from dike to calf are believed to be the most common and most of import infection paths in dairy cowss. Previous surveies besides describe that calves born from positive tested dikes were at a significantly higher hazard of going Map infected than calves without this risk-profile. Besides calves turning up with a future high spiller and calves being born shortly following the freshening of an septic dike were at higher hazard being infected { { 29 Benedictus, A. 2008 } } . 1.3. Treatment A ; control Presently, there is no satisfactory intervention for the disease. No disinfectants are approved for the intervention of Johne ‘s disease because of their deficiency of efficiency and their failure to supply bacteriological remedy. A vaccinum for Johne ‘s disease exists but is non really normally used because it interferes with the reading of the current TB tegument trial and its inability to wholly forestall infection { { 44 Muskens, J. 2002 } } . Consequently JohneA?s disease is presently controlled via control plans that implement a assortment of production patterns. The most cost-efficient option for cut downing the prevalence of MAP infection in herds is application of hazard direction steps to interrupt known transmittal paths { { 6 Groenendaal, H. 2003 ; 16 Kudahl, A.B. 2009 } } . Current MAP control plans are risk-based. Management-wise, animate beings are divided into high and low hazard animate beings, by looking at the consequences of 4 one-year showings that test all lactating cattles for MAP specific antibodies in the milk { { 47 Nielsen, S.S. 2011 } } . Particular production pattern recommendations are provided for pull offing bad animate beings and these recommendations chiefly focus on within-herd MAP transmittal { { 46 Nielsen, S.S. 2007 } } .According to recent surveies, implementing patterns that can minimise the exposure of MAP to newborn calves should take precedence in control plans { { 45 Pillars, R.B. 20 11 } } . However, control steps are really expensive and non cost-effective. Current control steps do non take into history that MAP can be transmitted vertically and ignores the possibility that there is familial fluctuation in cowss associated with differential susceptibleness to Johne ‘s doing girls of septic dikes more likely to be infected even if hygiene steps are implemented absolutely at birth. 1.4. Heritability of susceptibleness Considerable work on linkage between genetic sciences and the opposition, tolerance or susceptibleness to Mycobacterium avium races paratuberculosis. Heritability of susceptibleness to infection with MAP has been estimated from 0.06 to 0.159 { { 18 Koets, A.P. 2000 ; 31 Mortensen, H. 2004 ; 37 Hinger, M. 2008 ; 38 Attalla, S.A. 2010 } } . The broad fluctuation in these extimates can be explained by differences in definition of infection and nosologies ( blood or milk ELISA, faecal civilizations, tissue civilizations ) , sample sizes, survey population ( breed ) and statistical theoretical accounts ( assorted animate being theoretical account, beget theoretical account ) used. Two genome-wide surveies have identified venue for resistence or susceptibleness to infection by MAP utilizing Illumina Bovine SNP50 assay { { 32 Settles, M. 2009 ; 33 Minozzi, G. 2010 } } . A SNP on chromosome 9 ( BTA9 ) is associated with casting ( being faecal civilization positive ) when genuinely infected ( tissue civilization positive { { 32 Settles, M. 2009 } } and being ELISA positive { { 33 Minozzi, G. 2010 } } . Zanella et Al. performed an association survey on the same dataset as Settles et Al. and found BTA6 to be associated with tolerence to paratuberculosis { { 43 Zanella, R. 2011 } } . Several campaigner cistrons identified by these genome-wide surveies have been examined for farther association with infection. Attempts to turn up cistrons associated with susceptibleness or opposition to paratuberculosis hold had limited success. Pinedo et al 2009 identified an association of caspase enlisting sphere 15 ( CARD15 ) with infection { { 34 Pinedo, P.J. 2009 } } , while a separate comparative analysis of bovine, murine, and human CARD15 transcripts suggest no important associations between fluctuation in the CARD15 and disease position { { 41 Taylor, K.H. 2006 } } .Toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) was associated with infection in recent work by Mucha et Al. 2009 but was non associated with infection in a coincident independent analysis { { 49 Pinedo, P.J. 2009 } } . Tendency towards association between infection and variant allelomorphs of the SLC11A1gene ( once NRAMP1 ) { { 34 Pinedo, P.J. 2009 } } is consistent with a population-based familial association survey carried out by Ruiz-Larranaga et Al. { { 42 Ruiz-Larranaga, O. 2010 } } , but conflicting consequences were presented by a population ba sed association survey by Hinger et Al. 2007 { { 39 Hinger, M. 2007 } } . Hinger et Al. and Minozzi used ELISA-tests as a diagnostic step to sort animate beings as septic whereas Pinedo et Al. used a combination of ELISA and faecal civilization to specify infection and Settles et Al used faecal and tissue civilization. The complexness of the intracellular infective disease Mycobacterium avium races paratuberculosis causes suggests engagement of many different cistrons that perchance interact with one another and with external factors from the environment. In add-on, the different procedures involved in early disease and late disease are yet ill-defined and may besides be reflected in the different venue found to be associated with the categorization of the type of infection. Particularly because pathogenesis of the disease is non to the full understood and sensitiveness of ELISA trials is rather low in latent or low casting animate beings { { 10 McKenna, S.L. 2006 ; 54 Eamens, G.J. 2000 } } { { 50 Nielsen, S.S. 2008 } } , case-control association surveies that use chiefly tissue and fecal nosologies in order to find the true infection position of the cow present the most dependable consequences. 1.5. Vertical transmittal To look into the importance of perpendicular transmittal, old surveies tried to find the prevalence of foetal infection in cowss and estimated the incidence of calves infected via in utero transmittal. On norm, approximately 9 % of foetuss from subclinically infected cattles ( faecal civilization positive ) and 39 % from clinical cattles were infected with MAP prior to deliver { { 4 Whittington, R.J. 2009 } } . Harmonizing to Whittington and Windsor { { 4 Whittington, R.J. 2009 } } existent prevalence of foetal MAP infection would be higher than reported because some of the methods and protocols used in these surveies to handle and prove samples have really low specificity { { 54 Eamens, G.J. 2000 } } . The estimated incidence of calf infection derived via the in utero path depends on within-herd prevalence and the ratio of sub-clinical to clinical instances among septic cattles. The mean perpendicular infection rates mentioned above are derived from the consequence of five independent surveies published between 1980 and 2003. 1.6 Strain typewriting Current developments in molecular genetic sciences make it possible to disciminate Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis strains with different fingerprinting techniques { { 36 Motiwala, A.S. 2006 } } . These techniques can besides be used as a tool to look into the possibility of perpendicular transmittal by comparing strains carried by the dike with strains carried by the girl. When comparing different MAP fingerprinting techniques, the Multi Locus Short Sequence Repeat technique utilizing all 11 venues selected by Amonsin et Al. 2004 has the highest prejudiced power with a Simpsons diverseness index of 0.967 { { 36 Motiwala, A.S. 2006 } } . Harris et Al. 2006 used four of these identified repetitions ( locus 1, venue 2, locus 8 and locus 9 ) to distinguish MAP strains { { 21 Harris, N.B. 2006 } } . To analyze diverseness of the selected MAP isolates we used these same four venue for MLSSR analysis and added venue 3, venue 5, venue 6, locus 10 and locus 11 in order to observe more diverity among dam and daughter isolates. Strain typing methods to longitudinal datasets can now supply us with extra penetration into within herd infection kineticss, including the transmittal of MAP from dikes to girls. How to cite The direct effects of Johnes disease, Essay examples

The direct effects of Johnes disease Free Essays

Introduction Mycobacterium avium races paratuberculosis ( MAP ) is the causative agent of an incurable, infective, chronic, granulomatous enteritis in ruminants, called Johne ‘s disease or paratuberculosis. The direct effects of Johne ‘s disease on animate being public assistance and productiveness may look insignificant and are frequently masked by the mostly subclinical character of the disease in domesticated farm animal ( incubation period prior to the oncoming of clinical marks by and large ranges from 2 to 10 old ages ) { { 1 Lepper, A.W. We will write a custom essay sample on The direct effects of Johnes disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1989 } } { { 2 Chiodini, R.J. 1984 } } .The economic impact of JohneA?s on dairy cowss industries is significant. Estimated costs as a consequence of reduced weight addition, milk production loss, premature culling and decreased carcase value add up to an one-year sum of $ 250 million ( USD ) in the United States industry entirely { { 3 Ott, S.L. 1999 } } . More recent in-depth estimations indicate a important relationship being between Johne ‘s disease position and decreased milk production { { 51 Smith, R.L. 2009 } } , increased hazard of being culled { { 40 Smith, R.L. 2010 } } and a reduced calving rate in high sloughing animate beings. The on-going contention refering the possible function of MAP in Crohn ‘s disease ( human inflammatory intestine disease ) suggests that MAP itself might be of great public wellness significance { { 17 Hermon-Taylor, J. 2000 } } . 1.2. Transmission of MAP Cattles are most susceptible to infection as calves from birth to a few months of age { { 27 Taylor, A.W. 1953 ; 55 Windsor, P.A. 2010 } } , but can besides be infected as grownups { { 28 Doyle, T.M. 1951 } } .Transmission of MAP can happen by a assortment of paths in dairy cowss ; horizontally by consumption of MAP from the environment, or vertically from dike to calf. Evidence of intrauterine transmittal and sloughing of MAP in milk and foremilk has been reported by several surveies { { 5 Nielsen, S.S. 2008 ; 25 Seitz, S.E. 1989 ; 24 Sweeney, R.W. 1992 } } . Although calf-to-calf transmittal has besides been demonstrated in several experimental scenes where calves are being housed together { { 52 RANKIN, J.D. 1961 ; 53 new wave Roermund, H.J. 2007 } } horizontal infection from cattles to calves and perpendicular infection from dike to calf are believed to be the most common and most of import infection paths in dairy cowss. Previous surveies besides describe that calves born from positive tested dikes were at a significantly higher hazard of going Map infected than calves without this risk-profile. Besides calves turning up with a future high spiller and calves being born shortly following the freshening of an septic dike were at higher hazard being infected { { 29 Benedictus, A. 2008 } } . 1.3. Treatment A ; control Presently, there is no satisfactory intervention for the disease. No disinfectants are approved for the intervention of Johne ‘s disease because of their deficiency of efficiency and their failure to supply bacteriological remedy. A vaccinum for Johne ‘s disease exists but is non really normally used because it interferes with the reading of the current TB tegument trial and its inability to wholly forestall infection { { 44 Muskens, J. 2002 } } . Consequently JohneA?s disease is presently controlled via control plans that implement a assortment of production patterns. The most cost-efficient option for cut downing the prevalence of MAP infection in herds is application of hazard direction steps to interrupt known transmittal paths { { 6 Groenendaal, H. 2003 ; 16 Kudahl, A.B. 2009 } } . Current MAP control plans are risk-based. Management-wise, animate beings are divided into high and low hazard animate beings, by looking at the consequences of 4 one-year showings that test all lactating cattles for MAP specific antibodies in the milk { { 47 Nielsen, S.S. 2011 } } . Particular production pattern recommendations are provided for pull offing bad animate beings and these recommendations chiefly focus on within-herd MAP transmittal { { 46 Nielsen, S.S. 2007 } } .According to recent surveies, implementing patterns that can minimise the exposure of MAP to newborn calves should take precedence in control plans { { 45 Pillars, R.B. 20 11 } } . However, control steps are really expensive and non cost-effective. Current control steps do non take into history that MAP can be transmitted vertically and ignores the possibility that there is familial fluctuation in cowss associated with differential susceptibleness to Johne ‘s doing girls of septic dikes more likely to be infected even if hygiene steps are implemented absolutely at birth. 1.4. Heritability of susceptibleness Considerable work on linkage between genetic sciences and the opposition, tolerance or susceptibleness to Mycobacterium avium races paratuberculosis. Heritability of susceptibleness to infection with MAP has been estimated from 0.06 to 0.159 { { 18 Koets, A.P. 2000 ; 31 Mortensen, H. 2004 ; 37 Hinger, M. 2008 ; 38 Attalla, S.A. 2010 } } . The broad fluctuation in these extimates can be explained by differences in definition of infection and nosologies ( blood or milk ELISA, faecal civilizations, tissue civilizations ) , sample sizes, survey population ( breed ) and statistical theoretical accounts ( assorted animate being theoretical account, beget theoretical account ) used. Two genome-wide surveies have identified venue for resistence or susceptibleness to infection by MAP utilizing Illumina Bovine SNP50 assay { { 32 Settles, M. 2009 ; 33 Minozzi, G. 2010 } } . A SNP on chromosome 9 ( BTA9 ) is associated with casting ( being faecal civilization positive ) when genuinely infected ( tissue civilization positive { { 32 Settles, M. 2009 } } and being ELISA positive { { 33 Minozzi, G. 2010 } } . Zanella et Al. performed an association survey on the same dataset as Settles et Al. and found BTA6 to be associated with tolerence to paratuberculosis { { 43 Zanella, R. 2011 } } . Several campaigner cistrons identified by these genome-wide surveies have been examined for farther association with infection. Attempts to turn up cistrons associated with susceptibleness or opposition to paratuberculosis hold had limited success. Pinedo et al 2009 identified an association of caspase enlisting sphere 15 ( CARD15 ) with infection { { 34 Pinedo, P.J. 2009 } } , while a separate comparative analysis of bovine, murine, and human CARD15 transcripts suggest no important associations between fluctuation in the CARD15 and disease position { { 41 Taylor, K.H. 2006 } } .Toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) was associated with infection in recent work by Mucha et Al. 2009 but was non associated with infection in a coincident independent analysis { { 49 Pinedo, P.J. 2009 } } . Tendency towards association between infection and variant allelomorphs of the SLC11A1gene ( once NRAMP1 ) { { 34 Pinedo, P.J. 2009 } } is consistent with a population-based familial association survey carried out by Ruiz-Larranaga et Al. { { 42 Ruiz-Larranaga, O. 2010 } } , but conflicting consequences were presented by a population ba sed association survey by Hinger et Al. 2007 { { 39 Hinger, M. 2007 } } . Hinger et Al. and Minozzi used ELISA-tests as a diagnostic step to sort animate beings as septic whereas Pinedo et Al. used a combination of ELISA and faecal civilization to specify infection and Settles et Al used faecal and tissue civilization. The complexness of the intracellular infective disease Mycobacterium avium races paratuberculosis causes suggests engagement of many different cistrons that perchance interact with one another and with external factors from the environment. In add-on, the different procedures involved in early disease and late disease are yet ill-defined and may besides be reflected in the different venue found to be associated with the categorization of the type of infection. Particularly because pathogenesis of the disease is non to the full understood and sensitiveness of ELISA trials is rather low in latent or low casting animate beings { { 10 McKenna, S.L. 2006 ; 54 Eamens, G.J. 2000 } } { { 50 Nielsen, S.S. 2008 } } , case-control association surveies that use chiefly tissue and fecal nosologies in order to find the true infection position of the cow present the most dependable consequences. 1.5. Vertical transmittal To look into the importance of perpendicular transmittal, old surveies tried to find the prevalence of foetal infection in cowss and estimated the incidence of calves infected via in utero transmittal. On norm, approximately 9 % of foetuss from subclinically infected cattles ( faecal civilization positive ) and 39 % from clinical cattles were infected with MAP prior to deliver { { 4 Whittington, R.J. 2009 } } . Harmonizing to Whittington and Windsor { { 4 Whittington, R.J. 2009 } } existent prevalence of foetal MAP infection would be higher than reported because some of the methods and protocols used in these surveies to handle and prove samples have really low specificity { { 54 Eamens, G.J. 2000 } } . The estimated incidence of calf infection derived via the in utero path depends on within-herd prevalence and the ratio of sub-clinical to clinical instances among septic cattles. The mean perpendicular infection rates mentioned above are derived from the consequence of five independent surveies published between 1980 and 2003. 1.6 Strain typewriting Current developments in molecular genetic sciences make it possible to disciminate Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis strains with different fingerprinting techniques { { 36 Motiwala, A.S. 2006 } } . These techniques can besides be used as a tool to look into the possibility of perpendicular transmittal by comparing strains carried by the dike with strains carried by the girl. When comparing different MAP fingerprinting techniques, the Multi Locus Short Sequence Repeat technique utilizing all 11 venues selected by Amonsin et Al. 2004 has the highest prejudiced power with a Simpsons diverseness index of 0.967 { { 36 Motiwala, A.S. 2006 } } . Harris et Al. 2006 used four of these identified repetitions ( locus 1, venue 2, locus 8 and locus 9 ) to distinguish MAP strains { { 21 Harris, N.B. 2006 } } . To analyze diverseness of the selected MAP isolates we used these same four venue for MLSSR analysis and added venue 3, venue 5, venue 6, locus 10 and locus 11 in order to observe more diverity among dam and daughter isolates. Strain typing methods to longitudinal datasets can now supply us with extra penetration into within herd infection kineticss, including the transmittal of MAP from dikes to girls. How to cite The direct effects of Johnes disease, Essay examples

Critical Theory and Critical Genres †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Critical Theory and Critical Genres. Answer: Introduction: Ethical theories are able to play critical roles in explaining the ethical decision making. The ethical theories have been developed to explain what one or group of people takes to attain ethics in different situations (Waller, 2010). This paper will analyze the role of ethical decision making using two ethical theories. In order to achieve the result, the paper will use a case study of women who are experiencing violence perpetrated by their male partners. The theories also help to explain the thinking of the groups and support the decision making process. This group has to make key ethical decisions in order to address the issues facing them (Henning, 2015). In the process, the group has to control the emotions and reactions to ensure that they make ethical decisions. This paper will look at the role of the utilitarianism and deontology ethical theories management in influencing the decision making for the mentioned group (Cranmer Nhemachena, 2013). These theories will provide dif ferent suggestion on handling the violence situation and helping in achieving happiness. The utilitarianism theory states that fair choices must be implemented in ensuring that least amount of harm is achieved for different parties (Mill In Bailey, 2016). This theory states that the course of action taken does not matter and only the evaluation of the outcome is important. The decision is usually made in relation to the evaluated outcome and harm which will be caused in each of the decision taken. At the end, the decision with less harm will be considered ethical under this theory. Nevertheless, the cost of the action and decision does not matter when this theory is taken. This means that some unethical situation may be taken in the course of achieving the bigger benefit. The situation of women under violence of their male partners is bound to have different decisions which have different effects to all parties involved. The utilitarianism theory is able to help the women in analysing the situations and therefore able to influence the decision which they will take (Bykvist, 2010). For instance, divorce for the women is usually an option or even staying on the relationship for the sake of the children. In addition, the violence situations are at times worse and may permit the women to taking away the lives of the men to save themselves. All these option are viable decisions which the women can take. All these are solutions and according to utilitarianism theory, the final course of each decision is what will determine the decision to be taken. For instance, if the violence situation involves severe injuries which may lead to death, the utilitarianism theory may permit taking away the live of the man involved in the course of self defence. In addition, if the violence extends to the threatening of the lives of the children and woman involved, taking away the lives of the man to save the children and wo men will be permitted under this theory (Luppicini IGI Global, 2013)). The theory will consider that many lives were saved in the expense of one live, which will have a positive impact and benefit. Although an ethical deed may happen in the decision taken, the theory is more focused on the situation and impact under which the decision was made (Brandt, 2010). If the overall benefit of the action is more than the committed unethical deed, the theory holds that the unethical deed will have less impact. The action of killing the husband to protect the children and woman from violence which may lead to their death is permitted and acceptable. The status of the family without the man in the family will be considered as well. This means that the decision taken should lead to a happy end course for all the parties involved. In addition, the end result of the involved parties is a key consideration which is made when this theory is considered. The happiness for the whole family including the children will be highly considered when the decision is being made. Ethical decision will analyse the effect of the violence and contribution of each party to the happiness of the family (Milner Browitt, 2013). For instance, the violence may be triggered by some behaviour of the woman whereby even the children are being affected. In this sense, the violence will be permitted to correct the behaviour for the common good of the family management. The outcome of the action is important than the central positions and actions which may be taken. So if the woman has some key problems which leads violence the theory may permit continued violence as long as many of the family members are happy. What matters in this process is the benefits which will be achieved when certain course of actions are taken. In addition, due to violence, divorce is another key option which may be considered by the parties. Nevertheless, this theory will require key consideration of the outcome of the divorce decision (Riley, 2009). The theory will look at different aspects in this case which may include the happiness of the family and final financial situation. If for instance the divorce will lead to financial complication which may affect the wellbeing of the children and the family members, the theory will consider the decision as not fit to be taken. This is because the outcome of the decision is not leading to any happiness of wellbeing of the parties involved. The final outcome of the divorce situation therefore will require clear analysis (Huemer, 2008).). If the divorce affects the happiness and situation of the family members, then the theory will consider having the woman experiencing the violence than pursuing the divorce. Therefore this theory will play an important role on action which will be taken for the good of the family (Duncan, 2012). Ethical decision will be looking to make most of the family members happy and therefore the decision will depend on number of members who are happy when certain decisions are taken. The greater benefit of the situation is usually considered. Moreover, the utilitarianism theory is able to consider the outcome of the decision management. The ethical outcome and the one with greater benefit to many are usually considered in making the decision. The decision by the woman under violence will therefore be influenced by the major benefits which many of the family members will be able to enjoy. The outcome and benefits which the woman, man and children will be able to enjoy will form the basis of the ethical decision which has to be taken. In addition, another theory which can be considered in making ethical decisions is the deontology theory. This theory considers largely the consequences of key actions and believes of individuals (Darwall, 2003). Moreover, the ethical decision made should be able to conform to certain responsibilities and obligations. Moreover, under this theory, moral responsibility is able to surpass all other reasons. Therefore the decision made should be able to support the moral responsibility of the individuals regardless to what has to be done to achieve the moral responsibility. Nevertheless this theory is only limited to moral responsible situations where individuals have to adhere to certain responsibilities to attain their obligations placed upon them. The theory largely focuses on the end moral responsibility without focusing on the way which the intermediate decisions are taken (Griffiths, 2011). The intermediate decision may unethical but the final end is ethical. The end ethical produc t is what matters through this theory. Under the case of a woman who is violated by the man, the deontology will focus on the aim of the woman (Shafer-Landau, 2013). For instance, if the woman is holding on the man in order to feed the children, then it will be considered right for her to stick on the man who violates her in order to feed the children. Since it the moral right to have the children to acquire their basic needs, the theory will see no problem with the violence being experienced. It will focus largely on the end results which is moral responsibility to provide the basic needs to the children. The provision of the basic needs to the children if placed upon the woman will be considered ok if the man is the source of such needs (Melden, 2013). It will be therefore an ethical decision to ensure that the children have the required needs and not only considering at the means which the needs are being achieved. Therefore under this situation, the deontology theory will support the mans action of violence to the wom an. If it is the duty of the woman to provide to her children, then it will be considered that she can keep up with the male partner who violates her to ensure that she feed her children. The duty is therefore more important in this theory than the way it is being achieved. The deontology theory will focus on what need to be attained by the decision (Russell, Melberg Pluciennik, 2014). The woman therefore can be able to stick with the violence in order to attain some key responsibility. The decision on dealing with violence will depend on the moral responsibilities which may be attained by family due to the violence available. The theory will not largely focus on the violence but the different results and moral responsibilities being provided by the different parties. This theory can therefore be able to support the violence as long as the man is able to hold the moral responsibility to the family. The theory will therefore consider the womans leaving the marriage due to the violence as individual selfishness. The theory will focus on how large the man is able to honour the responsibility of feeding the family and what may happen if the man is not available. Societal rules are able to guide the position of the ethical decision which will be made. If the woman is sticking with the male partner to meet some key responsibilities, the violation being perpetuated will be lesser than the moral responsibility considered to be attained (Hooker, 2012). Therefore in this case, the woman can choose to stay with the male partner who violates her to meet the moral obligation impose to her. Although, it should be her moral responsibility to meet the needs, if it is imposed to her then she will have to forgo the violation and consider the moral responsibility at hand. Moreover, the theory considers that in order to act and make ethics decisions, people must be able to hold and observe different responsibilities and meet their obligations (Zaibert, 2016). In addition, the deontologists argue that the action process is not what makes something and decisions unethical but the motive of the person who carries out the decision. This means that in the case, if the motive of the man is to discipline the woman, then the violation is considered to be right as long as the end motive is ethical and right. It is the duty of the man to discipline the family and if the motive of the man is to discipline the woman, then the theory considers the action and decision for the violation as ethical. If the duty being attained is ethical and good, the course under which the duty is carried out does not matter. Therefore under this case, the theory will support the violence of the man if he needs to achieve proper discipline in the family due to some mistakes. Moreover, it has to be considered that the motive of the man is not to be violent but only disciplining the woman. In conclusion, it is clear that different ethical theories have different ways to attain ethical decisions. The utilitarianism theory holds that the course of action does not matter but the outcome which is achieved. If the violation of the woman is intended to create an ethical outcome, then the violation will be permitted under this theory. The benefits which are achieved at the end are considered more under the utilitarianism theory. In addition, the deontology theory is focused on moral responsibility which has to be attained. The theory states that the course of action does not matter as long as the moral obligation is held by the individual. Under this theory, the course of attaining the moral responsibility is not important as long as the obligation is met. The violation of the woman will be considered on what moral responsibility as to be attained in order to permit the action. References Brandt, R. B. (2010). Morality, utilitarianism, and rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bykvist, K. (2010). Utilitarianism: A guide for the perplexed. London: Continuum. Cranmer, P., Nhemachena, J. (2013). Ethics for nurses: Theory and practice. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press. Darwall, S. L. (2003). Deontology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Duncan, A. (2012). The conceptual framework of quantum field theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Griffiths, M. (2011). Rethinking international relations theory. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Henning, T., (2015). From Choice to Chance? Saving People, Fairness, and Lotteries, Philosophical Review, 124: 169206. Hooker, B. (2012). Developing deontology new essays in ethical theory. Malden, MA, Wiley, Blackwell. Huemer, M. (2008). Ethical intuitionism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Luppicini, R., IGI Global. (2013). Moral, ethical, and social dilemmas in the age of technology: Theories and practice. Hershey, Pa: IGI Global (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA. Melden, A. (2013). Ethical Theories. Read Books Ltd. Retrieved from https://www.myilibrary.com?id=891687. Mill, J. S., In Bailey, A. (2016). Utilitarianism. Peterborough, Ontario : Broadview Press. Milner, A., Browitt, J. (2013). Contemporary Cultural Theory: An Introduction. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Riley, J. (2009). Liberal utilitarianism: Social choice theory and J.S. Mill's philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Russell, C., Melberg, A., Pluciennik, J. (2014). Critical Theory and Critical Genres: Contemporary Perspectives from Poland. Frankfurt, Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. Retrieved from https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1710486. Shafer-Landau, R. (2013). Ethical theory: An anthology. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Waller, B. N. (2010). Consider Ethics: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. New York: Pearson Longman. Zaibert, L. (2016). The Theory and Practice of Ontology. London, Macmillan. Retrieved from https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4753490.

The Challenges and Opportunities Facing Today’s Leaders and Managers free essay sample

All these will be discussed in detail in the following report and all findings will be references in the references section at the end of the report. Definitions of Leaders/ Leadership The person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country. (Oxford University Press, 2013) Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience (Jago, 1982). Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills. This is called Process Leadership (Jago, 1982). However, we know that we have traits that can influence our actions. This is called Trait Leadership (Jago, 1982), in that it was once common to believe that leaders were born rather than made. These two leadership types are shown in the chart below. Figure 1: Trait and Process Theory of leadership (Source: Clark, 2013) Definitions of Managers/ Management A person responsible for controlling or administering an organization or group of staff. We will write a custom essay sample on The Challenges and Opportunities Facing Today’s Leaders and Managers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Oxford University Press, 2013) A Manager is the person responsible for planning and directing the work of a group of individuals, monitoring their work, and taking corrective action when necessary. For many people, this is their first step into a management career. Managers may direct workers directly or they may direct several supervisors who direct the workers. The manager must be familiar with the work of all the groups he/she supervises, but does not need to be the best in any or all of the areas. It is more important for the manager to know how to manage the workers than to know how to do their work well. This is quite a good definition of a manager and to sum it up in one sentence quoted from the Harvard Business school text: ‘A manager is someone who gets results through other people’. When we look at the two in comparison we can see that leadership and management are both important, but they seek to do different things. Some say that good leadership is more important than good management; leadership and management are crucial factors that determine the company’s further development. Effective leaders will focus on your future and good managers will focus on your present operations. They are not the same thing but are also complementary to each other. * The manager administers, the leader innovates * The manager is a copy, the leader is an original. * The manager maintains, the leader develops Source: The Wall Street Journal, 2013) The challenges and opportunities that face both in today’s world Being an effective leader/manager is all about being someone who leads by example. A manager is someone who simply follows the job objective. Today both have to be strong communicators, it is vital that they understand the two-way nature of communication so th ey are able to nurture good ideas from employees on an on-going basis. One of the biggest challenges that they face is to lead a sometimes very diverse team to work as one unit in harmony while being productive. I would argue that the ability to prioritise in the face of difficulty, conflicting reactions while at the same time remain calm and able to communicate outwardly the reasons behind this prioritisation are key challenges faced daily in such a post on a daily basis. Some common situations that call for leaders and managers to use their resources include: * Public criticism, especially uninformed criticism, of your group or mission. * Flare-ups of others interpersonal issues, either within the group or outside it. Crises, which could be tied to finances, program, politics, public relations (scandals), legal concerns (lawsuits), even spiritual issues (loss of enthusiasm, low morale). * Disasters. These are different from crises, in that, in a crisis, something important (usually negative, but not always) seems to be happening, and youre trying to control the situation. In a disaster, the worst has already happened, and youre trying to deal with that in some way. * Opposition and/or host ility from powerful forces (business groups, local government, an influential organization, etc. * A financial or political windfall. Sometimes an unexpected benefit can be harder to handle than a calamity. * Collaboration with another group or organization may call upon a leader to define clearly the boundaries within which he can operate, and to balance the needs of his own group with those of the collaborative initiative as a whole. * Dealing with outstanding and underperforming employees, this will require more of your time and time you may not have however to keep either employee time must be given to them to grow and nurture into the role or another role in the company. This is by no means a comprehensive list, and most managers/leaders will be able to think of many other possibilities from their own experience. Its clear, however, that they are often tested by external events and people. What are some of the general strategies they can use to cope with these and other external and therefore often unpredictable and uncontrollable circumstances? (Berkowitz, 2013) Opportunities Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Fredrick Herzberg’s motivational theory Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership theory Options What possible solutions do they have? Different types of motivation that could be implemented in this situation Do nothing as one option Evaluation Look at how to implement this Financial costs Complexity to lead to recommendation What type of Motivation would you pick and why? Conclusion Look at the broader picture and towards the future and where you could implement this in similar situations in the future. References Berkowitz, B. (2013). Recognizing the Challenges of Leadership. [On-line]. The Community toolbox. Available from: http://ctb. ku. du/en/tablecontents/sub_section_main_1126. aspx [Accessed 25/05/2013]. Oxford University Press, (2013). Oxford Dictionaries. [On-line]. Oxford University Press. Available from: http://oxforddictionaries. com/definition/english/manager [Accessed 25/05/2013]. Oxford University Press, (2013). Oxford Dictionaries. [On-line]. Oxford University Press. Available from: http://oxforddictionaries. com/definition/english/leader [Accessed 25/05/2013]. Jago, A. G. (1982). Leadership: Perspectives in theory and research. Management Science, 28(3), 315-336. Clark, D. 2013). Concepts of Leadership. A Big Dog, Little Dog and Knowledge Jump Production. [On-line]. Available from: http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/ahold/trait_process_leadership. png [Accessed on 27/05/2013]. http://management. about. com/od/policiesandprocedures/g/manager1. htm The Wall Street Journal. (2013). What is the Difference Between Management and Leadership?. [On-line]. Available from: http://guides. wsj. com/management/developing-a-leadership-style/what-is-the-difference-between-management-and-leadership/ [Accessed 25/05/2013].